Exam 3 Review Topics

Chem 1020, Summer 01, Robertson

Thursday, July 26

 

Our exam will include material from chapters 15, 16, 17 and 18. .  Only material that I have covered in class, have assigned homework problems on, or mention on this review sheet will be tested. I recommend the following special reading: “Distance Running” from the ChemMatters magazine.  This are on reserve in the library.  The video tape dealing with the “Genetic Code” is also excellent and is on reserve.

 

On Thursday, you should be able to: (I do not claim that this is an exhaustive list.)

 

Chapter 15

 

·         (Review) Explain the relationship between trans and cis fatty acids; saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated  fats; cholesterol; and atherosclerosis.

·         Define nucleic acids and list the two major types.

·         Explain the functions of nucleic acids.

·         Explain the process by which protein synthesis occurs using the DNA template. (Refer to the film on this.  Its description is more clear that the text.)

·         Sketch the primary structure of a nucleotide and explain secondary and tertiary structure.  Be able to recognize the nitrogen bases used in nucleic acids.

·         When given the structure for adenine and ribose,  sketch the nucleotide as well as ATP or ADP.

 

Chapter 17

 

·         List the classes of nutrients and tell which are stored in the body and which are not.

·         Discuss the caloric needs of Americans.  Calculate BMR.

·         Explain the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and oils, and proteins.

·         Explain the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of carbs and fats to produce ATP.  Explain the importance of the Krebs cycle and the Embden Meyerhoff pathways.   Explain the process of burning carbs and fat with exercise.  Diagram % energy versus time for carbs and fats during aerobic exercise.

·         List uses of proteins and problems associated with too much and too little.  Explain the concept of essential amino acids.

·         List uses of fats and oils and problems associated with too much and too little.  Give examples of fat substitutes.

·         List uses of carbs and problems associated with too much and too little.

·         Be able to recognize and list uses of major minerals, electrolytes and trace minerals.  Focus on those covered in class and in the homework.  Be prepared to write specifically on two of your own choosing.

·         Define the term vitamin.  Classify by solubility.  List uses, sources and deficiency diseases of various vitamins.  Focus on those covered in class and on assigned homework. Be prepared to write specifically on two of your own choosing.

·         Explain using examples why you should eat a balanced diet.  Use the concept of phytochemical.

·         List the classes of food additives and give examples of each. Review assigned homework problems.

·         Work mathematical homework problems dealing with nutrition.

 

Chapter 16

 

·         Explain the moisture content and pH of skin and the role of sebum in skin protection.  How does the cosmetic industry attempt to help skin? Define and give examples of emollients and humectants.

·         Explain the body odor problem and how deodorants and antiperspirants attempt to solve the problem.  Give examples of compounds used in these products.

·         List the common components of lipstick.

·         Differentiate perfumes and colognes.  List the function and type of compounds found in perfumes.

·         Define the term aftershave.  Give a sample composition.  Explain the action of menthol.

·         List and give examples of the ingredients in laundry detergents.

·         List and give examples of products in shampoos and conditioners

·         Explain the natural protection of the atmosphere to x-rays and ultraviolet radiation. Explain the SPF system of rating sunscreens and the biological harm of UVB and UVA.  List and give examples of sunscreen ingredients.

·         List the causes of bad breath and the efficacy of mouthwashes against these causes.

·         List and explain the ingredients of mouthwashes.  Give examples.

·         Discuss the equilibrium demineralization reaction of tooth enamel and how eating acidic foods accelerates the process.  Define plaque and tartar.  List the functions and ingredients (with examples) of toothpaste.

·         List and give examples of the ingredients in laundry detergents.

 

Chapter 18

 

·         Explain the LD50 concept.

·         List and explain the modes of action for toxic substances.  Give examples of each. 

·         In regard to the above be able to identify the following terms:

 

corrosive

strong acids and bases

 

metabolic

CO, CN

heavy metals

neurotoxins

acetylcholine, cholinesterase

different types of neurotoxins

teratogens

different types

sensitive periods

mutagens

mode of action and examples

 

carcinogens

characteristics and stages, examples, changes in death rates in the past 20 years

carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemia, seminomas

 

·         Give examples of chemical warfare agents

·         Work simple problems involving dosage units as in the homework.

·         Identify the importance of the Delaney Amendment and the Ames test with regard to carcinogens.