Review for Exam 1: The Cardiovascular System & Blood

[51 boxes of vocabulary for these 3 chapters.]

Chapter 17: The Blood

Define:

List:

1. The major fluid compartments of the body. How do they interact?
2. The three main functions of blood and describe them by giving specific examples.
3. The three main types of formed elements and the main components of the plasma. Describe the main function of each.
4. The five types of leukocytes and their functions.
5. The three basic mechanisms of hemostasis.
6. The stages or events that occur from the point of an injury that ruptures a blood vessel to the completion of repair of the injury.
7. The three important substances (chemicals) transported by hemoglobin.
8. Any five specific types of anemias.
9. The four different blood types occurring in the ABO blood group system and the naturally occurring antibodies (agglutinins) associated with each of the four blood types.
10.  The five types of white blood cells in the order of their relative frequency from most to least percentage found in a normal person's blood.

Sketch and Label:

1. A diagram of the process of hematopoiesis.
2. A diagram of the negative feedback regulation of erythropoiesis.

Describe:

1. The physical similarities and differences between the five types of leukocytes.
2. The components of hemoglobin.
3. The life cycle of an RBC from production ("birth") to elimination ("death"), (including the processing of hemoglobin).  Use the correct terminology.
4. The three steps in platelet plug formation.
5. The three pathways of blot clotting (coagulation).
6. The ABO blood type system and how it works.

Chapter 18: The Heart

For more information, visit the HeartCenter Online.  Try some of their animations and videos.

Define:
 

General Terms	Major Vessels	Pericardial Cavity & Pathology
cardiology thoracic cavity mediastinum systemic circulation pulmonary circulation arterioles capillaries venules veins	aorta systemic arteries pulmonary trunk ductus arteriosus ligamentum arteriosum vena cavae pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins coronary circulation coronary arteries coronary veins coronary sinus anastomoses collateral circulation	pericardium fibrous pericardium serous pericardium parietal layer of pericardium visceral layer of pericardium = epicardium pericardial fluid pericardial cavity pericarditis cardiac tamponade

 

External Anatomy of the Heart	Internal Anatomy of the Heart	Valves of the Heart
apex base auricles coronary sulcus interventricular sulcus	myocardium endocardium endothelium heart chamber atria fossa ovalis interatrial septum ventricles interventricular septum pectinate muscle papillary muscles chordae tendineae trabeculae carneae	heart valves atrioventricular valves tricuspid valve bicuspid valve  = mitral valve semilunar valves pulmonary semilunar valve aortic semilunar valve

 

Histology of the Heart	Pathology of the Heart - Anatomical Defects	External Regulation of the Heart
cardiac muscle tissue contractile fibers cell nucleus sarcomere striations myofilament intercalated disc gap junction desmosome	patent fossa ovalis coronary artery spasm patent ductus arteriosus ventricular septal defect	cardiovascular center cardioacceleratory center cardioinhibitory center proprioceptors chemoreceptors baroreceptors cardiac accelerator nerves vagus nerve = cranial nerve X

 

Internal Conduction System	Physiology of Contraction	Electrocardiogram
electrical synapse autorhythmicity = automaticity conduction system pacemaker sinoatrial node sinus rhythm atrioventricular node atrioventricular bundle  = bundle of His bundle branches conduction myofibers = Purkinje fibers	voltage-gated fast Na+ channels voltage-gated slow Ca2+channels voltage-gated K+ channels rapid depolarization unstable resting potential pacemaker potentials plateau repolarization refractory period	electrocardiogram = ECG Einthoven's triangle electrocardiograph deflection waves P wave atrial depolarization QRS complex ventricular depolarization T wave ventricular repolarization P-Q (PR) interval S-T segment Q-T interval stress electrocardiogram

 

Lipoproteins	Cardiac Diagnosis and Treatment	Coronary Artery Disease
lipoproteins low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)	defibrillation cardiac catheterization cardiac angiography coronary artery bypass grafting percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty laser angioplasty	coronary artery disease atherosclerosis = arteriosclerosis atherosclerotic plaque

 

Pathology of the Heart - Physiological Defects	Pathology of the Heart Beat/Heart Rate	Infections & Systemic Cardiac Pathology
ischemia hypoxia angina pectoris silent myocardial ischemia infarct myocardial infarction	ectopic pacemaker ectopic focus arrhythmia heart block tachycardia bradycardia fibrillation	endocarditis myocarditis rheumatic fever embolus congestive heart failure pulmonary congestion = pulmonary edema

List:

1. the main components of the cardiovascular system.

2. the sequence of structures (vessels adjacent to the heart, heart chambers, and heart valves) through which a blood cell travels in completing one complete circuit through the pulmonary and systemic circulations of the cardiovascular system starting at the right atrium.

3. (a) the valves of the heart (including all the names for each); (b) Which valves are attached to chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?  

4. the sequence of depolarization through the parts of the conduction system.

5. the sequence of events in the action potential in a contractile fiber of the heart. (Include the events in the ion channels involved.)

6. three fundamental physiological factors that affect stroke volume. Explain.

7. the phases and events of the cardiac cycle.

8. the extrinsic factors which regulate or can influence the heart rate.

Sketch and Label:

1. the histological features of cardiac muscle.

2. a frontal section of the heart showing its valves and chambers.

3. the two main circulations of the cardiovascular system.

4. a cross section of the heart wall and pericardium.

5. the Conduction System of the heart and list the sequence of depolarization through the parts of the conduction system.

6. an atrioventricular valve and the associated structures that help it function.

7. the waves, intervals, & segments of a normal ECG.

8. a myogram of a typical cardiac muscle contraction, including the ion channels and ion flows involved.

Describe:

1. (or sketch) the position of the heart in the thoracic cavity and its membranous coverings.

2. the structure and function of the pericardium.

3. the coronary circulation.

4. the relationship between the electrical activity of the heart and ECG.

5. the source of normal and abnormal heart sounds.

6. the specific hormones and ions which regulate the heart rate and indicate what their specific influences on HR are.

7. the three classes of lipoproteins in blood and their effects on cardiovascular health.

8. the possible cause and progression of atherosclerosis.

9. the techniques used in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease.

10. the various arrhythmias of the heart.

11. the advantages to cardiac muscle cells because they have a long absolute refractory period
     (compared to skeletal muscle cells).
12. the role of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles in the correct functioning of the A-V valves.

Explain:

1. the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart.

2. the mathematical formula describing cardiac output as a function of stroke volume and heart rate.

3. the direct neural and chemical regulation of cardiac output.
 

Chapter 19. Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics

 

General Terms	Vessel Wall Histology	Arterial Tree
artery arteriole capillary venule vein capacitance vessels vasa vasorum lumen	tunica interna = tunica intima internal elastic membrane tunica media tunica adventitia = tunica externa adventitia	elastic artery muscular artery collateral circulation microcirculation metarteriole = thoroughfare channel precapillary sphincter

Capillaries	Capillary Exchange	Blood Flow
endothelium continuous capillary fenestrated capillary sinusoid (capillary) stellate reticuloendothelial cells vascular sinus	capillary exchange diffusion vesicular transport bulk flow net filtration pressure Starling's law of the capillaries blood hydrostatic pressure interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure interstitial fluid osmotic pressure oncotic pressure edema	blood flow = blood circulation blood reservoirs vascular tone = vasomotion vascular anastomoses circulation time venous return skeletal muscle pump respiratory pump fetal circulation hepatic portal circulation portal system

 

Blood Pressure	Vasomotor Tone and Vascular Reflexes	Endocrine Regulation of Blood Pressure/Volume
blood pressure vasoconstriction vasodilation resistance blood viscosity systemic vascular resistance (SVR) = total peripheral resistance (TPR) sphygmomanometer systolic blood pressure diastolic blood pressure	vasomotor nerves vasomotor tone carotid sinus carotid sinus reflex aortic reflex Marey's law of the heart right heart (atrial) reflex = Bainbridge reflex carotid body aortic body	osmoreceptors renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system angiotensin I angiotensin II aldosterone epinephrine = adrenalin norepinephrine = noradrenalin antidiuretic hormone (ADH) = vasopressin atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) parathyroid hormone = parathormone = PTH vitamin D3 = calcitriol

 

Other Regulation of Blood Pressure/Volume	Pulse	Vascular Pathologies
myogenic control of blood pressure autoregulation (of blood pressure) vasoactive factors endothelium derived relaxation factor (EDRF)  = nitrous oxide (NO)	pulse Korotkoff sounds pulse pressure	varicose veins syncope shock compensated shock decompensated shock irreversible shock hypertension hypotension aneurysm

List:

1. in correct sequence the types of blood vessels through which a blood cell passes in making a circuit through the systemic circulation.

2. the three mechanisms of capillary exchange and the type of materials exchanged by each.

3. three factors that determine resistance to blood flow. Which of these factors can be regulated?

4. the chemicals monitored by the CNS chemoreceptors for making short term adjustments in blood pressure by autonomic reflexes.

5.  for each of the following hormones, list:
     (a) site of synthesis and release
     (b) target tissues/organs which respond to the hormone
     (c) the response(s) of the target tissues/organs which help regulate blood pressure

            hormones:
                 angiotensin I/II
                 aldosterone
                 epinephrine (adrenalin)/norepinephrine
                 antidiuretic hormone (ADH) = vasopressin

6.  the five organs drained by the hepatic portal system, and for each organ,
     list a type of molecule which is routed to the liver from that organ and
     the type of processing the liver will do to that type of molecule. 

Sketch and Label:

1. a cross section of an artery, vein and capillary.

2. the forces responsible for fluid flows between capillaries and the surrounding tissue spaces.

3. the negative feedback regulation of blood pressure by the baroreceptor reflex.
 

Describe:

1. the function of each type of blood vessel in the circulatory system.

2. the three types of capillaries and where they are typically found.

3. the balance of forces that determine net filtration in the arterial versus venous side of capillaries.

4. the relationship between velocity of blood flow and total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

5. the relationship between cardiac output and blood pressure.

6. the factors regulating venous return.

7. the factors that affect cardiac output (to increase or decrease CO).

8. the factors that affect systemic vascular resistance.

9. the input to and output from the cardiovascular center in the regulation of the heart and blood vessels.

10. the neural regulation of blood pressure.

11. the hormonal regulation of blood pressure.

12. the autoregulation of blood pressure.

13. the three clinical forms of cardiovascular shock.

14. the differences between fetal and postpartum circulation, naming the specific structures involved.

15. the hepatic portal circulation. What is the importance of this circulation?

16. the long term regulation of blood pressure by the kidney.

17. the three types of capillaries and the structural and functional differences between them.

Last updated on March2, 2009.