Chapter 22: The Respiratory System
[39 boxes of vocabulary words]
Define:
| General Terms | Nose & Pharynx | Larynx |
| respiration pulmonary ventilation external respiration = alveolar gas exchange = pulmonary gas exchange internal respiration = tissue gas exchange cellular respiration bulk flow diffusion upper respiratory system = conducting portion lower respiratory system = respiratory portion |
external nares internal nares = choanae nasal cavity nasal septum (nasal) vestibule nasal meatuses nasal conchae rhinoplasty pharynx nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx fauces stratified squamous epithelium |
larynx thyroid cartilage epiglottis glottis cricoid cartilage arytenoid cartilages corniculate cartilages cuneiform cartilages vestibular folds vocal folds laryngitis |
| Respiratory Tree | Lungs | Alveoli |
| trachea trachealis muscle carina tracheotomy endotracheal tube (intubation) bronchial tree primary bronchi lobar bronchi segmental bronchi = secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium bronchoscopy |
pleura parietal pleura visceral pleura pleural cavity base apex costal surface mediastinal surface hilus cardiac notch oblique fissure horizontal fissure lobe bronchopulmonary segment lobule |
alveolar duct alveolar sac alveolus type I alveolar cell type II alveolar cell alveolar macrophage = dust cell alveolar-capillary membrane = respiratory membrane alveolar wall epithelial basement membrane capillary basement membrane endothelial cell simple squamous epithelium surface tension |
| Breathing | Gas Laws | Spirometry |
| inspiration intrapleural pressure intra-alveolar pressure transpulmonary pressure expiration elastic recoil diaphragmatic breathing costal breathing compliance airway resistance pulmonary perfusion |
partial pressure (of a gas) Boyle's law Dalton's Law Henry's Law |
spirometer spirogram tidal volume anatomic dead space minute volume of respiration alveolar ventilation rate inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume forced expiratory reserve volume residual volume inspiratory capacity functional residual capacity vital capacity total lung capacity |
| Gas Exchange | Hemoglobin | Hypoxia |
|
oxygen = O2
carbon monoxide = CO
carbon dioxide = CO2 diffusion distance solubility oxygen transport |
oxyhemoglobin reduced hemoglobin = deoxyhemoglobin oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve affinity Bohr effect carbonic anhydrase bicarbonate ion BPG = biphosphoglycerate carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer fetal hemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin chloride shift Haldane effect |
hypoxia hypoxic hypoxia anemic hypoxia ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia histotoxic hypoxia |
| ANS Control of Breathing | Breathing Disorders | Other Respiratory Pathology |
| respiratory center medullary rhythmicity area dorsal respiratory group (DRG) (formerly inspiratory area) ventral respiratory group (VRG) (formerly expiratory area) pontine respiratory center (formerly pneumotaxic and apneustic areas) cortical influences central chemoreceptors peripheral chemoreceptors aortic body carotid body baroreceptors inflation reflex |
hypercapnia hyperventilation hypocapnia hypoventilation asthma pneumothorax eupnea apnea dyspnea tachypnea aspiration atelectasis scuba nitrogen narcosis decompression sickness hyperbaric oxygenation |
bronchitis emphysema pneumothorax hemothorax bronchogenic carcinoma pneumonia tuberculosis infant respiratory distress syndrome coryza = rhinitis influenza pulmonary congestion = pulmonary edema pulmonary embolism cystic fibrosis pleurisy |
List:
1. In correct sequence the structures of the conducting portion of the
respiratory system through which a gas molecule passes during inspiration.
2. The cartilages of the larynx, their functions, and the other parts of the
larynx involved in voice production.
3. The lung volumes and capacities. Distinguish between a lung volume and a
lung capacity.
4. The chemical forms in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in
the blood.
5. The four factors that affect pulmonary gas exchange (external
respiration) across the respiratory membrane.
6. The five cell types found in the walls of an alveolus and a function
for each cell.
7. The four clinical types of hypoxia and an example of each.
8. The anatomical and physiological defenses the body uses to provide
clean "sterile" air to the respiratory membranes of the lungs.
9. The gases, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and
carbon dioxide (CO2), in order from largest to smallest solubility
coefficient, i.e., from most to least soluble in water.
10. The gases, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and
carbon dioxide (CO2), in order from largest to smallest partial
pressure in the atmosphere.
11. The form of the substance, carbon dioxide (CO2),
in order from largest to smallest fraction being transported in blood in its
three transport forms.
Identify:
1. The type of epithelial tissue lining each part of the conducting portion
of the respiratory system and explain why this type of epithelium promotes the
functions of its respective part.
2. The structural divisions of the lung supplied by a
primary bronchus, lobar bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary
bronchus, and a terminal bronchiole.
Describe:
1. The pulmonary ventilation pressure changes during inspiration and
expiration.
2. The affects of acidity, carbon dioxide, temperature, and BPG = biphosphoglycerate, on the
affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen by use of oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation
curves.
3. The control of respiration (ventilation) by the respiratory center of the
brain.
4. The cortical, chemical, and neural influences on the respiratory center of
the brain.
5. The chemical equations for the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood by
hemoglobin and as bicarbonate ion.
6. The effect(s) of emphysema, pneumonia, pulmonary edema on the
respiratory membrane.
7. The names and actions of the muscles involved in ventilation
(external respiration).
8. The effects of atmospheric pressure on the partial pressures of the
gases nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide
(CO2), at:
(a) sea level, (b) at high
altitudes, and (c) under water during deep diving.
Sketch and label:
1. The respiratory membrane. Describe the kinds of cells that make up this
membrane and their functions.
2. A frontal section of the thorax illustrating the organs, membranes, and
(cavities) spaces involved in ventilation.
3. A spirogram.
4. A diagram of the partial pressure changes of carbon dioxide and oxygen in
the blood as it travels through the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
5. The negative feedback pathway illustrating how the respiratory center of
the brain that controls breathing by as a function of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
and acidity levels of the blood.
Chapter 23. Digestive System
Define:
| General Terms | Clinical Terms I | General Digestive Histology |
| digestion absorption digestive system gastrointestinal tract = GI tract = alimentary canal accessory structures ingestion secretion mixing propulsion motility mechanical digestion chemical digestion defecation |
periodontal disease root canal orthodontics mumps gastroenterology proctology esophageal hiatus hiatal hernia achalasia heartburn vomiting ascites peritonitis |
mucous membranes = mucosae epithelium lamina propria muscularis mucosae enteroendocrine cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue = MALT submucosa neural plexus submucosal plexus myenteric plexus muscularis serous membrane = serosa |
| Peritoneal Cavity & Mesenteries | Oral Cavity I - Walls | Oral Cavity II - Tongue |
| peritoneal cavity = abdominal cavity visceral peritoneum parietal peritoneum retroperitoneal mesentery mesocolon falciform ligament lesser omentum greater omentum |
oral cavity buccal cavity labia red margin = vermilion border labial frenulum cheeks (oral) vestibule oral cavity proper fauces hard palate soft palate uvula |
tongue lingual frenulum papillae filiform papillae fungiform papillae circumvallate papillae lingual lipase |
| Oral Cavity III - Teeth & Gums | Oral Cavity IV - Salivary Glands | Esophagus |
| gingivae periodontal ligament dentin pulp cavity pulp enamel dentitions primary teeth = deciduous teeth permanent teeth mastication bolus |
salivary glands buccal glands parotid glands submandibular glands sublingual glands saliva salivation salivary amylase |
esophagus adventitia deglutition peristalsis upper esophageal sphincter lower esophageal sphincter |
| Stomach Anatomy | Stomach Histology & Physiology | Clinical Terms II |
| stomach cardia fundus pylorus rugae pyloric sphincter lesser curvature greater curvature mixing waves chyme
|
gastric pits gastric glands mucous neck cells chief cells parietal cells gastric juice pepsinogen pepsin gastric lipase mucin hydrochloric acid = HCl intrinsic factor rennin G cells cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
|
endoscopy gastroscopy pylorospasm pyloric stenosis peptic ulcer disease = PUD living-donor liver transplant pancreatitis jaundice obstructive (= posthepatic or extrahepatic) jaundice hepatitis cirrhosis gall stones lactose intolerance appendicitis hemorrhoids diverticulitis diarrhea constipation anorexia nervosa bulimia dysentery fecal impaction Crohn's disease ulcerative colitis intestinal polyps colon cancer |
| Regulation of Digestion | Pancreas | Liver Anatomy |
| gastrin gastric inhibitory peptide = GIP secretin cholecystokinin = CCK enterogastric reflex gastric emptying distension |
pancreas pancreatic duct hepatopancreatic ampulla major duodenal papilla accessory duct pancreatic acini pancreatic juice pancreatic islets = islets of Langerhans pancreatic amylase trypsinogen trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase elastase pancreatic lipase ribonuclease deoxyribonuclease |
liver liver lobes falciform ligament ligamentum teres coronary ligaments lobules central vein hepatocytes portal triad sinusoid (capillary) stellate reticuloendothelial cells hepatic portal circulation = hepatic portal system hepatic portal vein enterohepatic circulation |
| Bile & Biliary Tree | Liver Function | Intestinal Anatomy |
| bile canaliculi hepatic ducts cystic duct common bile duct gallbladder sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla bile bile salts and bile acids emulsification bilirubin |
carbohydrate metabolism lipid metabolism beta oxidation protein metabolism transamination deamination ammonia urea |
small intestine duodenum jejunum ileum ileocecal sphincter circular folds = plicae circulares villi segmentation |
| Intestinal Histology | Intestinal Enzymes | Intestinal Digestion |
| lacteal microvilli brush border intestinal glands paneth cells duodenal glands solitary lymphatic nodules aggregated lymphatic nodules |
intestinal juice brush border enzymes dextrinase maltase lactase peptidases nucleosidases phosphatases |
carbohydrate digestion protein digestion lipid digestion micelles nucleic acid digestion electrolytes |
| Lipoproteins | Large Intestine Anatomy | Large Intestine Physiology |
| lipoproteins chylomicrons high-density lipoproteins (HDL) low-density lipoproteins (LDL) very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) |
large intestine = colon mesocolon cecum appendix ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon taeniae coli haustra epiploic appendages right colic flexure left colic flexure rectum rectal valves anal canal anus external anal sphincter internal anal sphincter
|
gastroileal reflex haustral churning mass peristalsis gastrocolic reflex feces dietary fiber defecation reflex |
1. the six processes of Digestion.
2. the organs of the GI tract in the sequence in which they occur starting with
the mouth and ending at the anus (include the regions of each organ, ex:
oropharynx and laryngopharynx of pharynx).
3. the three phases of digestion in the stomach (Can also be diagramed).
Describe the neural and hormonal mechanisms involved in each stage, including
the stimuli for each.
4. the hormones, digestive enzymes, and other chemicals
related to digestion secreted by the
salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, liver/gall bladder, and pancreas.
5. several physical or mechanical processes of digestion.
6. structures which increase the surface area of the tongue.
7. structures which increase the surface area of the stomach.
8. structures which increase the surface area of the small intestine.
9. structures which increase the surface area of the large intestine.
10. the five organs whose venous blood is routed by the hepatic portal system
to the liver and a reason why each of these organs has its venous blood routed
to the liver.
11. the functions of the tongue.
12. the functions of the salivary glands.
13. the functions of the stomach.
14. the functions of the small intestine.
15. the functions of the brush border enzymes.
16. the functions of the liver.
17. the functions of bile.
18. the functions of the pancreas.
19. the functions of the large intestine.
20. the sphincters of the GI tract in the sequence they occur, starting with
the mouth and ending at the anus.
21. the type of epithelium lining each part of the digestive (gut) tube and
explain why this epithelium promotes the functions of its respective part.
Diagram and Label:
1. a cross-section of the GI tract (= alimentary canal) showing the main
tissue layers and their sublayers. List unique features of the histology of each
organ (or region of each organ) of the GI tract.
2. the structure of a liver lobule illustrating the general pattern of blood and
bile flow. Identify the factors that increase bile secretion by the liver.
3. structures of the small intestine that increase its surface area (folding)
for digestion and absorption.
4. an intestinal villus.
Describe:
1. the hormones secreted by the duodenum and how they regulate secretion by
the stomach (gastric), liver (hepatic), gall bladder (cystic), and pancreas
(pancreatic).
2. how gastric emptying is regulated.
3. the process of digestion for carbohydrates (starch), proteins, nucleic acids,
and lipids. (Hint: You may use summary chemical equations to do this).
4. the absorption of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids.
5. how pancreatic secretion (endocrine) is regulated.
6. how pancreatic secretion (exocrine) is regulated.
7. the secretion and reabsorption of the water involved in digestion. Indicate
the specific gastrointestinal organs involved in the secretion or reabsorption
of the water involved in digestion.
8. the type of movement associated with each organ of the digestive (gut) tube.
Last updated on November 16, 2009.